Scarlet Letter And Sin Essays - English-language Films,

Scarlet Letter And Sin Hester Prynne, through the eyes of the Puritans, is an extreme sinner; she has gone against the Puritan ways, committing adultery. For this irrevocably harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life. "On the breast of her gown, in a fine red cloth surrounded by an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter 'A.'" Hester's scarlet "A" serves as a public symbol of her private sin. Because Hester is able to declare her guilt openly, she is freed from excessive remorse, and her sin serves to enrich and dignify rather than to destroy her. The letter makes her stronger and more an individual. As foreshadow as Hawthorne speaks of the scarlet letter, "..It had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity and enclosing her in a sphere by herself," Hester indeed does isolate herself, and stays ".... out of the sphere of social activity.." and moves out to an isolated cottage. Hester decides that "Here....had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly punishment, the torture of her daily shame would at length purge her soul and work out another purity than that which she had lost; more saintlike, because of the result of matyrdom. Hester Prynne, therefore did not flee." This is where she sinned, this shall be where she suffers and gives penance. As expected, Hester is at first shunned and humiliated by the townspeople, who ignore their own faults and project them onto Hester, and then later their children project them onto Pearl, who does not have the "divine maternity" of Hester, who can do no wrong. Hester behaves with decorum and grace, helping others who are hungry, sick, or in need. Slowly the disdain of the townspeople turns to admiration, "...Many people refused to interpet the scarlet "A" by it's orginial signification. They said it meant "Able"..." and Hester becomes a respected person in a Puritan society by overcoming one of the harshest punishments, the scarlet letter. All in all, in the conclusion of the book, Hawthorne demondstrats to us that Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmsdale, whom both commited the same sin, but dealt and lived with it in completly different ways, were ultimately both forgiven. We learn that their graves were next to one another, but "..with a space inbetween, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle." but, in the end "Yet one tombstone served for both." Finally, we are left with: "On a Field, Sable, The Letter A Gules." Arthur Dimmesdale is his own worst enemy. He hates himself and must physically inflict pain upon himself. "He thus typified the constant introspection wherewith he tortured, but could not purify, himself" to never forget what he has done. He lacks the courage to risk his important position in society by admitting his sin publicly, but is unable to achieve any inner calm while living with his hypocrisy. To Dimmesdale, it is bad that Hester is shown publicly as a sinner, but people forget that. What is far worse than public shame is Dimmesdale's own cruel inner shame. Publicly he becomes more and more passionate and effective in his sermons and moral counsil to his congregation. Privately he is torn with self-hatred, and his body wastes away because of the remorse and knowing what only he and Hester know gnaws at his soul. He has not confessed, therefore he knows he can't begin his true penance, thus never being forgiven. He finally has the courage to do so at the hour of his death.

Hemingway as a catalyst essays

Hemingway as a catalyst essays Ernest Hemingway and his works are best described by Maxwell Geismar: His work as a whole has been a sort of literary catalyst which has affected the entire course of American writing, and like a catalyst it has remained untouched by and superior to all the imitations of it (Geismar).Ernest Hemingway was born in 1899 and committed suicide in 1961, after publishing over 21 novels and collections of short stories. His unique and persuasive themes in writing have been greatly appreciated, and the characters and plots of some of his writings are directly related to Hemingways life and personal matters. Ernest had a great deal of personal honor; he lived his life without regrets and was not ashamed of the things he did. He took his reality and worked it into his novels and stories, hoping and succeeding in teaching his readers things that he learned in life (Allen). Hemingway was known for incorporating himself into most of his stories whether he subconsciously talked about a character as if it were himself or talked about himself in the first person in the middle of his story. This characteristic of Hemingways writings made them standout; catching peoples attention much more than the conservative writers of his time. Hemingway was an excellent radical example of being an inimitable and personal writer; Such writers as Dashiell Hammett, James Cain, and the entire hard-boiled school of American novelists stem from Hemingways work. Among the new writers, there are talents as varied as Ira Wolfert, and Norman Mailer who show his influence (Geismar). Since Hemingway had such an interesting and eventful life, its no wonder he puts himself in most of his stories. The senseless slaughter that was WWI and his own near death helped form his distinctive style by endowing him with the true modernists distrust of abstract works such as honor and glory ( Beegel). It ...

Policies on Sexual Aggression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policies on Sexual Aggression - Essay Example Federal and state law prohibits sexual harassment, therefore, the company where he is employed is committed to maintaining a work environment that is free of all forms of intimidation or sexual harassment as legally mandated. Every employee at the company, both male and female, is covered by the sexual harassment policy. The company identifies a common form of sexual harassment, quid pro quo harassment, in the following manner: "If submission to or rejection of the conduct is used and as a basis for an employment decision affecting the person rejecting or submitting to the conduct" (Anonymous Company Sexual Harassment Policy (ACSHP), 2007). The company does not give specific examples, however, I believe the policy sufficiently explains the concept. The company also lays out its policy against a hostile work environment, as it is identified and addressed with: "If the conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an affected person's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment" (ACSHP, 2007). Again, no specific examples are given, which in this case may be useful as many individuals may find the language of the policy ambiguous.

Customizing Bonus Pay Plns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Customizing Bonus Pay Plns - Essay Example Both individual and group incentives can be used to motivate workers. One of the cons of the use of individual incentives is that it can create interpersonal conflict due to competition among the workers. A negative aspect of group incentives is that sometimes many employees receive additional compensation benefits without providing any effort since they rely on the efforts of others to achieve the productivity goals. The individual performance modifier identified by Towers Perrin was incentive plans in which the performance was linked to a company wide measure and distributions were made from a pool in proportion to salary. The use of the scorecard approach is more appropriate for companies in the manufacturing sector or firms that have a wide variety of products to offer. Companies or professionals that offer intangible services such as stylists or consultants are not suitable for this assessment tool. Firms with many employees can benefit from the application of this tool because it can be used as a metric to evaluate the individual performance of each

Entrepreneurship and Business Management (III) Essay

Entrepreneurship and Business Management (III) - Essay Example Resources are therefore the engines of growth and they depend heavily on them for nourishment and survival. When they move from survival to growth they need broader and more extensive resources to nourish their needs. The internet has indeed opened up a vast store of knowledge and information. Entrepreneurs and smaller firms usually face a resource constraint not only of capital but that of specified information. There are plenty of networking communities that help their members in getting information on vital aspects of marketing and availability of talent and other resources. These are the places where they can get sustenance and growth information. By nature technological entrepreneurship is looked upon as shaky, unreliable and flimsy. It has no legitimacy on its own and is considered as highly risky and not worth investing into. It is for these reasons that the entrepreneur and the smaller firms that associate with it are forced to look upon other avenues such as the Internet. Often when they show their prowess in the use of the web based business acumen, they attract Venture Capital. Another objective for entering and developing a networking relationship on the net is access to knowledge of markets and to understand and utilise their scarce resource in optimal ways. Most relationships expect and receive strategic advice that is valuable in developing competencies. This is the value-addition that the entrepreneurs look for from their networking communities as their own exposure is limited due to age and inexperience. Indeed strategic advice has been confirmed to be a sought after value addition (McMillan et al 1988). The use of Internet is however risky for entrepreneurs. They are usually new ventures; start-ups with high on idealism and short on knowledge and the Internet is full of out-dated information and untested

Purpose and Efforts to Bridge the skills Gap

Purpose and Efforts to Bridge the skills Gap The Management Graduates today are deemed by industry as not being job ready and lacking the skills required successfully applying disciplinary knowledge and adding value to our globalised, knowledge economy. In this examination of postgraduate management education, the limited empirical evidence and research literature in comparison to that for postgraduate programs, particularly the MBA, is overwhelming. In a bid to satisfy industry demands, the most common response among business schools are the development of employability skills and enhanced involvement of industry professionals in curricula content and design, both subject to potential failings and criticism. This review of business school efforts to bridge the skills gap also examines the role, function and impact of management education, a research area significantly overlooked in recent years. The present research has discussed the viewpoint on the Management Graduates skills gap and the assignment of responsibility for its resolution. Few research questions which have been raised are, Is management education for enhancing higher-order intellectual and moral skills, such as criticism and inquiry, or to facilitate the development of job ready Management Graduates through industry-relevant education and research? This exploration of functional role leads us to reflect on the impact of management education on industry and society at large and their reciprocal influence on management education. The current research paper looks in to deep the various other issues responsible for the deep gap between the demand and supply of skills. Management Education in 21st Century Purpose Efforts to Bridge the skills Gap Vipin Agrawal Assistant Dean Research Integrated Academy of Management and Technology, Ghaziabad, India Dr. Vidhi Agrawal Assistant Professor Ajay Kumar Garg Institute of Management, Ghaziabad, India Introduction: Business and industry need highly educated and skilled employees. Employers are looking for graduates who have skills in three major areas: strong academic and thinking skills; strong technical skills in the field in which they work; and employability skills such as the ability to work in teams and communicate effectively. Numerous challenges in the twenty-first century will confront corporations worldwide. On a macro- level, these challenges will include globalization (Church, 2000; Friga, Bettis, Sullivan, 2003; Weisman, 2000), increasing competition, limited resources, deregulation, enormous scientific and social change (Barrett Beeson, 2002), rapid advances in technology (Greater Expectations, 2002), and growing diversity among the workforce, customers, and others (Allen, Bordas, Hickman, Matusak, Sorenson, Whitmire, 1998; Business-Higher Education Forum, 1997; Weisman, 2000). At the organizational level, corporations will evolve into smaller, more flexible corpo rate structures characterized by a reduction in hierarchical management layers, decentralized functions (Rabuzzi, 2001), and a focus on high performance, autonomous teams to address issues of quality and customer satisfaction (Business-Higher Education Forum). Industry analysts report that for success in the workplace, employees need to possess entry-level employability skills. These essential skills are often viewed as a companys most important raw material. Perry (2003) states as the information age turns the nature and type of work we do on its head, our traditional views of work, professions, and specialist skills are continually challenged and reshaped. Employers have stated that they prize worker flexibility and people who can think outside the square in finding new and better ways of completing job tasks. Employers will seek people who can think, conduct research, and adapt to change. To succeed in this complex environment, organizations will require individuals who possess a wide and complementary array of knowledge, skills, and attributes that allow them to confront successfully the complex issues facing firms on a global scale (Weisman, 2000). The next generation of MBA graduates will require specific skills to confront challenges to their organizations that include: a) strategic and integrative thinking, particularly with regard to global competition and the application of technology (Allen et al, 1998; Weisman, 2000); b) analytical capability to sort through large amounts of information to focus on the most relevant aspects (Graduate Management Admission Council [GMAC], 2005); c) a capacity for quantitative reasoning (Greater Expectations, 2002); d) the ability to influence and persuade highly diverse groups of employees, customers, strategic partners, investors, and other stakeholders (Friga et al, 2003; Greater Expectations); e) the ability to lead in an environment that spans global cultures (Barrett Beeson, 2002); f) decision-making in an environment of ambiguity and complexity (Mumford et al, 2000;Weisman, 2000); g) creative problem solving (Barrett Beeson; Martin Butler, 2000); h) adaptability to change (GMAC, 2 006); and i) a high degree of self-knowledge and social judgment (Mumford et al, 2000; Nesteruk, 1999). Research literature suggests, however, that there has been ongoing concern within the business community since the late 1980s that higher education does not adequately prepare graduates in these skills (Fugate Jefferson, 2001; Lundstrom, White, Schuster, 1999; Pearce, 1999; Porter McKibbin, 1989). Many corporations urge academia to place a greater focus on a real world orientation of how business operates (Chew McInnis-Bowers, 1996; Hersh, 1997) by emphasizing these skills in their curricula to a greater degree. Chonko and Roberts (1996) specifically report on dissatisfaction among corporate leaders over the lack of business graduates communication and interpersonal skills, intolerance for ambiguity and diversity, inability to think critically and to recognize common themes, and the students adherence to a single, narrow perspective of the world. The authors continue that corporate leaders perceive business curricula as falling behind in global strategies, and sacrifice qualitative thinking for a tools orientation. The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business [AACSB] (2003) responded to these concerns by revising its guidelines for business curricula on several occasions between 1990 and 2000 (Fugate Jefferson, 2001). The AACSB revisions, written by a committee of representatives from industry, labor, academia, and government, warned that a large percentage of post-secondary business degree programs were not keeping pace with rapidly changing demands in the marketplace. The AAC SB reports stressed the need to include in curriculum revisions a greater emphasis on ethical and global issues, demographic diversity, and awareness of macro-economic considerations. However, there are encouraging indications that the pessimism over a perceived lack of relevance in MBA programs may be unfounded. For example, several premier universities, including the Stanford University, University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School, Columbia University, and the University of California, Berkeley, have begun experimenting with innovative approaches to MBA education to respond to industrys concern. One such approach involves a required core curriculum that builds a basic framework in quantitative, analytical, strategic, and problem-solving skills drawn from scientific disciplines across the university, such as economics, mathematics, social sciences, and other areas. Moreover, there are indications that industry and academia increasingly are working together to identify critical issues facing MBA programs (Austin, 2002; Business-Higher Education Forum, 1997; Friga, Bettis, Sullivan, 2003) and to develop and implement curriculum changes that offer MBA students greater real world experience through internships, case studies, simulations, and other experiential learning approaches (Cudd King, 1995; Mintzberg Gosling, 2002; Rabuzzi, 2001). Curriculum Issues: Changing demands are requiring educators to use innovative teaching techniques to integrate employability standards into the curriculum. Education curricula must provide specific and appropriate preparation for students who choose enter the workforce immediately. By using innovative teaching methods, students are provided an opportunity to apply essential skills to real-world situations in both classroom and work-based learning activities. Industry partners should be included in the curriculum design phase to enable planners to better understand and incorporate real-world procedures and systems in instructional strategies.

Cubism Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Art

Cubism is an art period that followed after the art period Fauvism. Cubism is one of the most influential art movements of the twentieth century. It was begun by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, by Cezanne's influence in 1907. The leading artists in the cubist period were Pablo Picasso, Georges Brack, Paul Cezanne, Jean Metzinger, Fernand Leger, Juan Gris, Marcel Duchamp, Robert Delaunay, Albert Gleizes and Matisse. These artists all contributed to the cubist art movement in their own individual way. Cubism sprung from a comment made by French Painter Paul Cezanne. Cezanne claimed "All nature is made up of the cone, the cylinder and the sphere". Cubists liked this idea. So therefore they decided to focus on the forms Cezanne was talking about, and they painted the world and objects as if they were really made up of geometric shapes. At first, their works shocked people. It was unrealistic and quite unlike traditional art styles. The cubists were interested in the way we look at the world. They noticed how things take on different shapes when we see them from different view points, for that reason cubists in some artworks painted many views of the same object together in one painting. Through this technique Cubists found a new way of capturing the 3D world on a flat artists canvas. In cubism the subject matter was broken up, analysed, and reassembled in an abstracted form. It was made of simplified forms and geometrical shapes broken into panes wi...

Environmental Science and Policy Essay

The occurrence of rapid economic and political changes could be traced from the post-era of industrial revolution. These changes have brought impact to the environment wherein emerging industrial progress and remarkable growth of population has acquired significant economic resourcing relating to the utilization of the ecosystem. On the other hand, the accompanying trends in the advancement of science and technologies have conquered the law of natural sciences. The expansion of factories, development of industrial machineries and increasing numbers of vehicles has brought in the looming effect of air pollution and other pollutants. Likewise, the exploitative and inefficient utilization of environment depletes the natural habitation of flora and fauna, from which the ecosystem becomes fragile and the forces of Mother Nature asymmetrically collide. Today, Global Warming is a potential catastrophe that threatens the earth and all its inhabitants. Such a situation depicts the poem of the Founder of Evolutionary Economics, Kenneth Ewart Boulding’s (1910-1993), as cited: â€Å"The world is finite, resources are scarce, Things are bad and will be worse, Coal is burned and gas exploded, Forests out and soil eroded, Wells are dry and air polluted, Dust is blowing, trees are uprooted, Oil is going, ores depleted, Drains receive what is excreted, Land is sinking, seas are rising, Man is far too enterprising, Fires will rage with man to fan it, Soon we will have a plundered planet† (Boulding,1993; in Edugreen Poems, 2008). The health hazard and death toll related to air pollution is extremely alarming; specifically in most highly populated and highly industrialized countries. Thus, the issue on air pollution is recognized as a critical sociological, economic and geological problem that is tried to be sensibly addressed by people and governments worldwide. This paper will objectively examine the extent and scope of various governmental and non-governmental responses on environmental science and policy issues relating to the evolution of the United States’ Clean Air Act, and the effects or impacts of its subsequent amendments towards achieving national and global importance in enacting policies to mitigate air pollution and towards the protection and preservation of the global environment. Methodology This paper adopts a three-prong method of study, such as (1) a review of literature relating to the Clean Air Act, (2) discussion of policy issues affecting its implementation, and (3) situational analysis to evaluate the national impact. What is Clean Air Act? According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), the Clean Air Act (CAA) has been amended in 1970 as an ambitious national campaign to maintain healthy and quality air by controlling air pollution. With the 1970 amendment to CAA, many US-based industries criticized the CAA’s implementation due expensive compliance. To cite, the American businesses in a number of ways are forced to control air pollution through end-of-pipe methods that confine pollution and implement preventative measures that limit the quantity of pollutants, in which the cost of compliance with Clean Air Act regulations can be expensive (US-EPA, 2008). However, the Clean Air Act has been enacted to basically reduce air pollution. Based on the report of Business Week Magazine (2008), CAA implementation contributes to the decrease of significant amounts of air pollutants in the US at about 30% from the period of 1970 to 1995, in spite of the US’ population growth of 28% of that period. Literature Review Brief historical background The problems on air pollution have long been an issue way back from the time of King Edward I of England in 1306 (American Meteorological Society, 1999). As further cited from the American Meteorological Society (1999), King Edward issued a proclamation banning the use of sea coal in London due to the smoke it caused. On the succeeding centuries, Great Britain continuously pursued the anti-pollution campaign on its first trial to air pollution controlling in Chicago and Cincinnati during its US occupation, in which it legislated the Clean Air Policy of 1881. After the British-American war, the Clean Air Policy of 1881 was adopted by the US and enforced by its federal government agencies, specifically the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior which established the Office of Air Pollution. In the 1940’s, the tragedy caused by a â€Å"deadly smog† in Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania elevated the alarm of the residents of affected areas which called the US Congress to pass the ‘Air Pollution Control Act of 1955’, which was the â€Å"first clean air and air quality control acts† that is still in effect and being continuously revised and amended (American Meteorological Society, 1999). Historical amendments to the Clean Air Act as a state policy A timeline on the amendments to the Clean Air Act is herein cited from the electronic journal of the American Meteorological Society (1999) in order to fully discuss the historical and chronological basis of its evolution as a state policy, as follows: In 1955, the local governments’ problems on air pollution has triggered the federal government to address the issue at a national level in which Congress passed the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 as a result of the â€Å"deadly smog tragedy† in Donora, Pennsylvania that accounted the deaths of 20 people and hundreds of casualties from airborne diseases. In 1963, Congress passed the nation’s Clean Air Act of 1963 to reduce air pollution by setting emission standards for stationary sources such as power plants and steel mills. It did not take into account mobile sources of air pollution which had become the largest source of many dangerous pollutants. In 1970, the issue on inadequate laws in enacting the Clean Air Act of 1963 has been amended by the Clean Air Act of 1970 as a major modification which emphasized challenging principles, such as the establishment of â€Å"primary and secondary principles† for setting air quality, minimize emissions from factories and vehicles as to be enacted by the state and federal government, and increased funds for air pollution research and development. Congress did not amend the Clean Air Act during the 1980’s because of President Reagan’s prioritization of economic policies above environmental actions. In 1990, the long phase of idleness of the federal government has realized the need to modify the Clean Air Act of 1970. The amendment has enacted the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 that focuses on 5 key areas of implementation, such as (1) air-quality standards, (2) motor vehicle emissions and alternative fuels, (3) toxic air pollutants, (4) acid rain, and (5) stratospheric ozone depletion. The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (as amended) envisioned a recovery of gaps of regulatory policies and empowered the functions of government agencies’ and the implementations of their policies.

Husserl Phenomenology

Husserl Phenomenology Free Online Research Papers Husserl was a German Jewish philosopher. Being Jewish put him at a disadvantage due to the times and the place. After gaining his Ph.D in mathematics at Berlin university, he lectured at the universities of Gà ¶ttingen and Freiburg. The Nazis had him relocated in favor of his previous apprentice, Heidegger. Husserl believed that the political and social crisis followed from an intellectual crisis. Modern science was unsuccessful to provide its promised answers. Husserl wanted to produce a philosophy that would offer a firm establishment of certain understanding upon which all other sciences would rest. His phenomenology was to be a philosophy of drastic rejuvenation through which mankind would learn to see the world anew. All prejudices would be eliminated; all simplistic answers to fundamental questions would be balanced, all taken for granted attitudes abandoned. The result a Europe founded on truth. Only one need absorbs me: I must win clarity else I cannot live; I cannot bear life unless I can believe that I will achieve it. (H. Spielberg The Phenomenological Movement Vol. 1 1865 p. 76 n.1, p. 82.) Husserl dedicated himself to a search for the very foundation of human knowledge. His first passion had been mathematics and he became gripped by a vision of a philosophy that provided the surefire certainty found in mathematics. He wanted to create a philosophy that was a rigorous science. Yet his focus was not on the so-called objective truths of empirical science, but on the subjective process of human thinking; not on so-called facts but on phenomena, things as they appear to the mind. Edmund Husserl saw modern science in crisis. Its claims to objectivity failed to recognize the active role of consciousness in developing human understanding. He developed phenomenology, a methodology designed to examine the contents of ones own consciousness. The examination of pure phenomena is seen as a means to return to the fundaments of knowledge and how the world first appears to the consciousness. The focus is on the subjective process of thinking rather than on what others would consider the objective facts of empirical science. His method of phenomenological reduction requires the suspension of all assumptions about the external causes and results of the contents of consciousness. The aim is to distinguish the essential nature of mental acts and thus the truths that are the sources of human knowledge. Thinking is always intentional, aimed at a specific object. But the difference between thinking and acting is that the intentional object, what the mind is thinking about, need not be present. It may not even exist. The difference between mental acts and other acts is that the objects of mental acts may be intentionally inexistent. This does not, however, mean they have no reality. The act of thinking gives them a meaning and significance; they become objects of our consciousness. It is these objects of consciousness, phenomena, that are the focus of Husserls philosophy. Husserl saw modern science in crisis precisely because its claims to objectivity had failed to recognize the active role of consciousness in developing human understanding. Any theory of knowledge must be based on an understanding of the workings of the human consciousness. The natural sciences give the appearance of rational, objective knowledge. But the natural attitude of the scientific method fails to acknowledge the role of consciousness in constituting meaning. It denies the essential status of objects of consciousness as living intentional experiences. The mind and only the mind is a being in itself and for itself; it is autonomous and capable of being handled in a rational, genuinely and thoroughly scientific way Thus the science of nature presupposes the science of the mind. (Philosophy and the Crisis of European Man) Phenomenology claims to be absolutely original and scientific in a genuine sense. It abandons the tentative notions that science mistakes for reality and the pseudo-scientific pretenses of naturalism. Husserl is not denying a legitimate role for natural science. He is simply arguing that its very legitimacy assumes a phenomenological investigation of the intentional origins of knowledge. A solid foundation for knowledge can only be secured by a meticulous method that returns to the intuitive evidence of the immediate experience of consciousness. Phenomenology is therefore a science of science. Attempts by Franz Brentano to establish psychology as an empirical science inspired an interest in mental phenomena. It was Brentano who first stressed the intentionality of consciousness. Brentano realized that it was impossible to study behavior without recognizing that behavior constitutes acts of consciousness. It involved interaction between the subjective conscious self and the objective outside world. Empirical psychology, he concluded, must first seek to understand the subjective experience by way of intuition. Brentano appears to have had greater influence on the phenomenologists than on the world of experimental psychology. Heidegger was at one time pupil of Husserl, a pupil who succeeded his master as professor at Freiburg University, not so much because of his philosophical genius but because of his political affiliation. Heideggers commitment to National Socialism saw his promotion to rector of the university in 1933. Meanwhile, Husserl was subjected to harassment and his career inhibited because of his Jewish background. The influence of both Husserl and Heidegger on existentialists like Sartre is undeniable. Later phenomenologists failed to follow Husserls thinking in its entirety. They make the more modest claim to explore the many ways in which consciousness itself provides the structure and the feeling of being in the world. Still the existentialists focus on the life-world of the conscious being finds its origins here. Husserl envisioned a process of exploring the intentionality of pure consciousness and hence producing universally valid knowledge free from corruption by individual and communal experiences and understanding. This would involve a number of stages. Bracketing suspension of all empirical and metaphysical presuppositions Reduction allowing a return to a presuppositionless world Free variation imaginary variation of the reduced thing to a common variation or essence (eidos) Intuition an awareness of the essence as it emerges passively from the overlap of the varying acts of intentionality Description of the essential structures of of both the intended thing (noema) and the intending consciousness (noesis). The descriptive phase includes all the stages and renders essential intuitions permanent and hence communicable to others in the universal pursuit of knowledge. Phenomenology is in search of a pure or reduced object or process, its very essence. It seeks to strip individual objects of all that makes them particular, seeking the pure essence what they share with other objects of the same sort. This requires putting to one side all beliefs characteristic of common sense and science, a process called bracketing. Bracketing concentrates our awareness on the ways in which meanings appear to us as pure phenomena regardless of whether they exist as empirical entities outside of our consciousness. The mind is thus freed from the literal reality we normally take for granted and comes to know its own intentionality more intimately and more accurately. From the outset, Husserl argued that the main purpose of phenomenology is a return to the fundaments of knowledge. Its aim is to relocate the primary point of contact between man and the world, to redirect philosophical attention to the primordial ways we perceive the world. Phenomenology works to recover the forgotten origins of scientific knowledge, to retrace a pre-objective intuition of things themselves in their flesh and blood presence in the life-world. It asks us to rediscover the hidden â€Å"intentionalities† of consciousness, to examine their essential structures in a new manner without presuppositions. Phenomenology places much importance on imagination and intuition. After bracketing, there occurs free variation where meaning unfolds in a free play of pure possibilities. In the unregulated horizon of our imagination, we can liberally vary or modify anything until an invariant structure is revealed. This is the essence of the thing intended. It emerges passively from the overlap of the multiple acts of our freely varying intentionality. In a single intuitive act of recognition we are taken back to the interface between consciousness and its intended object. In this way, phenomenology arranges to repeat the pre-reflective acts of our intentional experience in a reflective fashion. Husserls analysis focuses not just on the objects of consciousness but also on the acts of consciousness perception, imagination, signification etc. which intend the object. The method culminates in a description of the essential structures of both the intended thing (noema) and intending consciousness (noesis), as these essences emerge from the free variation of imagination into the grasp of a united intuition. Through the process of phenomenological reduction, Husserl believed that one can also discover ones own transcendental ego. This ego, as pure consciousness, is quite distinct from the psychical self that is of interest to psychology. Husserl believed that his phenomenological method overcame the difficulties that Kant had identified in coming to know either things-in-themselves or the transcendental self. By means of phenomenological reduction, Husserl believed that we could regain access to a presuppositionless world of transcendental immediacy where being becomes identical with its manifestation to consciousness. Being becomes reduced in a non-reductive sense of being retrieved and opened up to the meaning of being . Husserls analysis focuses not just on the objects of consciousness but also on the acts of consciousness perception, imagination, signification etc. which intend the object. The method culminates in a description of the essential structures of both the intended thing (noema) and intending consciousness (noesis), as these essences emerge from the free variation of imagination into the grasp of a united intuition. Through the process of phenomenological reduction, Husserl believed that one can also discover ones own transcendental ego. This ego, as pure consciousness, is quite distinct from the psychical self that is of interest to psychology. Husserl believed that his phenomenological method overcame the difficulties that Kant had identified in coming to know either things-in-themselves or the transcendental self. By means of phenomenological reduction, Husserl believed that we could regain access to a presuppositionless world of transcendental immediacy where being becomes identical with its manifestation to consciousness. Being becomes reduced in a non-reductive sense of being retrieved and opened up to the meaning of being. Husserl was fixed that a new scientific philosophy would not treat consciousness from the natural viewpoint, as object. Truth lies, not in the mind, nor in the natural objects of perception, but in the interaction between the two. As soon as we encounter the world, we, as conscious subjects, start to give it meaning. A solid foundation for knowledge can only be secured by a scrupulous method that returns us to the immediate experience of consciousness. We can only hope to know the things themselves by interrogating the life of the consciousness which intends these things that transcendental self which alone is capable of producing valid universal knowledge. Research Papers on Husserl PhenomenologyThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementQuebec and CanadaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Capital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Music Influences the ecomony essays

Music Influences the ecomony essays We have the opportunity to create a personal jukebox in the house and car. This is the takeoff point for the music business (A Little Net Music, 34). These statements by AOL Chief Executive Stephen M. Case reflect the latest trend in the music industry for the distribution of recorded music. Advances in technology now allow individuals to record their own digital copies of music, with its high fidelity, from numerous Internet web sites. In 1999 approximately 100,000 music downloads were officially recorded, by 2004 these downloads are projected to reach over 1.2 billion. The music industry is big business and its actions influence the nations Gross National Product (GNP). Universal Music Group had revenues of $3.75 billion in 1999 (Turning Traitor, 32). But thats a fraction of the $40 billion that the recorded music industry racks up in sales (A Little Bit of Net Music, 34). The cost of doing business in the music industry is very high and the music companies are trying to figu re out new ways to get their products to consumers and for them to buy them. This trend in music (switching to Internet based systems) can influence the economy by changing the traditional methods of retail sales and increasing the companys sales and profit and by exploring new methods of distributing its products to consumers. The music industry maintains its control over the music it distributes by the use of copyright laws. These laws allow the originator (or owner) of the music (also books, pictures and movies) to control its release and reproduction. People and companies that want to reproduce or use the music must pay a fee to the owner of the music. When the most common way to own a copy of a particular piece of music was a vinyl record, the music industry was not overtly concerned about unlawful duplication of its products. Improvements in tec...

Organizational and Individual Assessment Report Essay

Organizational and Individual Assessment Report - Essay Example He claimed that the unknown troubles many people; nonetheless, in his leadership position he used the unknown to attain achievement (Schwartz & Gimbel, 2010). For instance, he was one time forced to come up with a shotgun at an instant in order to fight an enemy. He said he used his wit to mix up gunpowder and came up with a shotgun that was used to achieve an unexpected success. He added that people should embrace the unknown and be willing to learn things on a daily basis. Moreover, he also demonstrated that we should be open minded to new ideas and challenges in order to become respected leaders within the society. The second leadership style he applied was to have advisors with diverse worldviews. The captain claimed that he applied advices from a close friend who was a commander and a civilian who was more engrossed into scientific studies. He incorporated advises from both individuals in that they both presented different views when it came to giving advice. Most of the time, t heir advise spark arguments but the captain normally takes his time to assess them and puts into action the advice he perceives to be the best. By having advisors who are different from each other makes him consider himself the best leader (Schwartz & Gimbel, 2010). ... For one to be successful risk taking missions ought to be partaken. The captain was involved in a number of risky missions, and he ensured he was involved in the teamwork. Through teamwork, nothing is impossible and the captain ensured he maximized the power of the team to tackle difficult situations. Therefore, as a leader one ought to be strong to face life risks and challenges (Schwartz & Gimbel, 2010). Through his leadership style and management philosophy style, we learn that for one to be considered an incredible leader we need to keep exploring and learning encouraging others to be creative and innovative by incorporating advice from people with diverse backgrounds. In order, to gain trust and loyalty leaders ought to work with subordinates so that the leader can understand the needs and problems of workers. Risk taking and learning how competitors function is also crucial. By learning how competitors work an organization is able to work in an advanced way. The captain has a c ivilian law bachelor’s degree from Harvard University. He went through physical test before being recruited for training. After the basic recruits, training the captain joined the candidate school where he became a second lieutenant after graduation. as a second lieutenant he was given instruction which were in association to overall mission and purpose of the officer’s branch. This stage assisted the captain to develop leadership skills through working with troops. After a period of four years, he attended captain’s career course and he also requested to pursue his masters at this stage. The captain phase takes more than ten years for one to be promoted to the next rank. The captain was involved in commanding roles and taking

My walk with catholism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My walk with catholism - Research Paper Example The aims of this essay are two-fold: to observe and to participate in an unfamiliar spiritual tradition that is different from one’s own.  I was reared in a conservative southern Baptist church. For the purpose of this paper, my attendance to a Catholic church is hereby detailed and shared. Introduction to the Catholic Church The rich historical background of the Catholic Church has led scholars and theologians to pinpoint its origins from the time of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ nearly 2,000 years ago (Aguilar, 2007). People who are strongly devoted to the Catholic faith contend that Jesus Christ is the ultimate founder and supreme head of Roman Catholics. Upon the demise of Christ, one of the apostles, Peter, was reported to be designated as the first Pope, or temporal head of the increasing number of faithful devotees of the Catholic Church. Since then, it has been averred that the mission of this faith is to spread the faith across the world. According to Pope Ben edict XVI, the Catholic Church’s mission is summarized â€Å"as a threefold responsibility to proclaim the word of God, celebrate the sacraments, and exercise the ministry of charity† (Benedict XVI 2005). ... St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church is reported to have been established in the year 1853 and â€Å"named for the patron of the Bishop, Martin John Spalding† (St. Martin: Parish History, 2011, par. 1). I made four visits to this church on following dates: 21st March (Monday), 23rd March (Wednesday), 27th March (Sunday ) and my last visit was on the 30th of March (Wednesday). On first three visits, I attended Masses; while on my last visit, I conducted an interview. B. Social Issues Endorsed by the Place of Worship The St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church actively endorses participation in social issues being a multicultural Catholic church. The population living nearby in the vicinity is African American and this community is a working class and mainly poor. This church remains opens 24/7 and is open to everyone. The place of worship’s governing staff and leaders believe in supporting minorities as well as their rights. One of the main issues addressed by the parish is t he issue of racial equality, specifically black and Indian minorities living particularly in Kentucky, and in the USA, in general. The reason they address this issue is consistent with the Catholic’s mission of proclaiming the word of God to all mankind. Further, the parish aims to gather funds and donations in order to support various charitable endeavors. One of the communities supported through financial contributions is the Catholic American Indian communities on reservations, in inner cities and in rural areas. Parishioners are encouraged to give voluntary gifts, either in kind or in cash, to support evangelization programs of African Americans. From among the currently ongoing programs include Preaches in their own Archdiocese through the work of